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Despite being a condition that primarily creates a lateral curvature in the spine, the effects of scoliosis can extend beyond altering the appearance and structure of the spinal column. When left untreated, it is possible for scoliosis to influence comprehensive systems in the body, by creating muscular imbalances, mobility issues, and in some cases even developing complications with major organ systems. It’s important to note that not everyone with scoliosis will experience complications, and that not everyone with the complications discussed in this article will have scoliosis – this is simply informative, and outcomes vary on a case-by-case basis. Factors such as age, curve type and size, progression risk, and overall health all play a role in the outcomes of leaving scoliosis untreated. These same factors also determine the importance of individualising treatment plans to scoliosis patients, should that be the route you wish to take.
Can scoliosis cause complications later in life?
Scoliosis as a condition is progressive by nature, meaning that unless interventions are being made, it will continue to progress. This occurs at different rates for different people, but has typically been seen to progress at 1° per year in adults when left untreated, with larger curves having a higher rate of progression. As a result of this, the curve may begin to interact with other systems of the body.
Respiratory System
As the spine curves laterally, the body tends to collapse into the concavity, therefore if the curve is located in the thoracic spine, this area of collapse could be located roughly where the lungs sit. In some severe cases, respiratory issues and compromised breathing may present as the chest cavity narrows, compressing on the lungs, thus limiting lung capacity and overall function, especially during physical activity. This may increase effort to breathe and create air hunger, which can present as shortness of breath or fatigue. In some cases, it may increase the risk of respiratory infections due to a reduced ability of the lungs to efficiently clear mucus.
Cardiovascular System
In a similar way, the contorted shape of the chest cavity in severe scoliosis can impact heart health. In some cases, the asymmetrical posture creates mechanical constraints that can eventually lead to changes in heart rhythm if the heart’s chambers change shape from compression. In turn, these changes can result in heart failure and an increased risk of major cardiovascular events within one’s lifetime, due to an impeded or altered blood flow. Secondarily, if the aforementioned reduced lung function is present, the heart must work harder to deliver oxygen to the rest of the body. This contributes to elevated blood pressure in the arteries connecting the heart to the lungs, known as pulmonary hypertension, which is another cardiovascular strain.
Digestive System
The digestive system is a group of organs collaborating to convert foods into energy and nutrients. When a person eats, their nerves send a signal to the digestive tract to initiate a series of actions to start this process, but if scoliosis is severe enough to affect the spinal cord, this signalling may be interfered with. Similarly, the digestive organs may be shifted out of their natural alignment as a result of the deformative nature of scoliosis, which can lead to abdominal discomfort, changes in bowel movements, and symptoms similar to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These misalignments may also compress the digestive organs, blocking the passage of food the digestive tract leading to discomfort or pain.
Can hypermobility worsen scoliosis progression?
Scoliosis and hypermobility frequently coexist. Though not a complication in itself, the heightened joint laxity and lowered muscle tone that is typically found in hypermobile patients can create spinal instability which may increase curve progression due to reduced natural support from the muscles and ligaments. Rib subluxations are also a risk for individuals with both of the conditions due to constant pressure on the already lax ribs from the spinal curvature. The body of an individual with hypermobility has to work harder to stabilise itself, which can be fatiguing or even painful; paired with scoliosis symptoms, this could be exacerbated. A modified physical therapy approach that targets scoliosis but is tailored to a hypermobile body can build strength, stability, and education around managing the two together.
Is there a link between spina bifida scoliosis and neurological symptoms?
Spina bifida is a neural tube defect, stemming from issues with the central nervous system during development, specifically the brain and spinal cord, with scoliosis often occurring following spina bifida. The lack of muscle control, weakness, or even paralysis, means the muscles are unable to support the spines alignment, allowing the formation of a curve. As said curve progresses, it can worsen existing neurological issues because of the increasing pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.
Who can I turn to?
Navigating life with a severe spinal condition that creates or coexists with other conditions can be a challenge, but you don’t have to face it alone. There are experienced professionals who specialise in the treatment of scoliosis, whether it be surgical or non-surgical. The expert therapists at Scoliosis SOS in the UK are specifically trained to tailor a physical therapy course of treatment to you, to help reduce the progression of the spinal condition and its related symptoms. With the expertise and passion to help every individual with scoliosis, even with other medical conditions, the team are determined to help you on your journey! Find out more about how we can help you at an initial consultation.
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